AI 生成的黑人健康系列成绩单 - 05-29-24

[SPEAKER_15]: 大多面临这种风险。所以有一些历史背景。许多黑人和棕色人种社区都受到居住隔离的影响。这对你来说不是新闻，但我只是想让你有机会阅读它，这推动了资源的减少和不适当的基础设施。因此，当我们查看这些数字时，黑人儿童患哮喘的可能性是黑人儿童的两倍多。黑人儿童死于哮喘的可能性是黑人儿童的 7.6 倍。到 2021 年，将有 7200 万有色人种生活在臭氧和/或颗粒物污染严重的地区。因此，当我们将举办该系列活动的原因与气候变化的影响以及我们在方法市所做的工作联系起来时，我们的预防办公室以及规划、发展和可持续发展办公室。我必须始终记住 PDS 代表什么。因此，从洪水到热浪，黑人和棕色人种儿童面临与气候相关的健康问题的风险更大。我们的这个部门还有健康公平委员会，由我们的气候规划师布伦达·派克 (Brenda Pike) 领导该团队，还有我们的梅德福联络人、查贝尔 (Charbel)、莉泽特 (Lizette)、萨米亚 (Samia)（不在场）和娜塔莎 (Natasha)（虚拟）。因此，气候公平是一个特设委员会，将就气候行动计划的实施向该市提供建议，重点是代表方法市以前代表性不足的群体的利益。那么你能提供什么帮助呢？了解环境正义问题，参与并保持参与。你可以保持参与。我们有这个拉起横幅和二维码，您可以继续关注它，或者联系我自己或布伦达，然后在市政厅与我们联系。就是这样。所以我会的。布丽塔·伦德伯格博士正在路上。她的交通太糟糕了。她落后了，但她今晚将成为我们的发言人，她将更深入地探讨哮喘对儿童的影响。所以我会，我只是要求一点耐心。

[SPEAKER_00]: 当然。是的。好的。因此，虽然我们有一些时间，但如果您稍后来到我们那边的小演示区，其中一件事是，我们那里有一个便携式电磁炉，这是一个电炉灶。除了对哮喘有好处之外，它的一大好处是它不会使身体升温炉顶和它周围的区域一样多，它只是将热量集中在锅本身上，所以它会产生电磁场，所以如果你有一个金属锅，磁铁会附着在它上面，它就会起作用，它只是把锅加热，这样我就可以了，稍后我会告诉你我可以打开它，把手放在上面，它不会烧伤我的手，因为它只会加热金属。我可以放下一条毛巾，然后将锅放在毛巾上，然后通过毛巾进行烹饪，这样就不会烧焦毛巾，因为它只是将热量集中在锅上。因此，它具有令人难以置信的能源效率，可以节省能源，节省金钱，并降低火灾风险。它还可以改善哮喘的结果。所以这是一个很大的好处。像普通炉灶一样，全尺寸设备比传统炉灶更贵。这个便携式炉灶售价 100 美元。这相对简单。一年来，我大部分的烹饪时间都是用它来做的。这真的很棒。如果您想亲自尝试一下，梅德福公共图书馆有两个电磁炉，类似便携式的，您可以到图书馆去尝试几个星期，看看是否是您感兴趣的东西。

[SPEAKER_10]: 如果人们感兴趣的话，这里还有咖啡和一些小吃。

[SPEAKER_07]: 但我认为，在我们等待的过程中，我们可以知道。很好，你好吗？你好。好吧，所以他们可以看到这个，他们看不到那个。

[SPEAKER_09]: 你好你好吗？真的很好。好的，我是来自 Equity Community Media 的 Kevin，为这一切提供帮助。

[SPEAKER_13]: 好吧，太棒了。我们给你准备了麦克风。

[SPEAKER_02]: 让我跑到后面去重置。丽莎是否提到手持麦克风，以便观众也回到那里？是的，好的，很好。

[SPEAKER_09]: 正如我所说，今天早上我看时已经是半个小时了。我当时想，我知道会有点忙。可能需要40分钟。我一直努力在这方面表现得非常聪明。每次，我都会想，至少需要几分钟。

[SPEAKER_07]: 进展并不快。我很高兴看到人们出来。我们在开幕之夜有一些东西。

[SPEAKER_04]: 每年夏天她都会和他一起出去玩。

[SPEAKER_15]: 好吧，我们回来了。我只是想介绍伦德伯格博士，他将是我们今晚的演讲者。她是一名训练有素的传染病医生，也是埃默里大学传染病系的前助理教授。她是健康公平研究所和伦德伯格健康倡导者（一个患者倡导组织）的首席执行官和创始人。健康公平研究所为有需要的患者提供宣传教育和项目宣传服务资金。伦德伯格博士是“蓝色气候代码”的活跃成员，该组织是一个由医生领导的倡导团体，致力于提高公众对气候变化对健康影响的认识。她是大波士顿医生社会责任协会的前任主席和积极成员，也是马萨诸塞州医学会环境和职业健康委员会的成员。我会将麦克风交给 Lundberg 博士。

[SPEAKER_09]: Sophie, how do I change the slides? I can change it for you. Oh, I can just say next slide. First of all, thank you all so much for coming out on a Wednesday night to hear about air pollution and climate justice and the health impacts of childhood asthma in black children, because I think this is such an incredibly important topic, and I am so glad to be here. Next slide. So just a few words about what is asthma. And I'm sorry, these slides are kind of far back, but I think you can see them OK. So it essentially is a hyper-reactivity of the airways that causes swelling, difficulty breathing. I'm sure that many of you in this room, I as a parent and the parent of two kids with asthma, I'm sure a lot of you are involuntary experts about asthma. And so I probably don't need to tell you too much. But what I do need to tell you is that there are several triggers for asthma. There are triggers that we can do things about, and there are triggers we can't do things about. The triggers we generally can't do so much about include cold air, exercise, viral infections, you know, that your kids are going to be exposed to or that you are exposed to. But tonight I'm going to talk about the things we can do things, something about. And I'm going to talk about who this disease is most common in. So it turns out, and actually it was really a pleasure to me to prepare and a bit of a shock, I have to say, to prepare this talk because it was somewhat of an eye-opener to me. I did not know all of these statistics, so I'm just going to share with you some pretty sobering statistics that I wasn't aware of. So as many of you know, black children have a higher risk of developing asthma than children of other racial groups. Black children have more than double the asthma rate, 12% versus 5.5% in other groups. Emergency use is much higher. And there's an increased asthma fatality rate. Now, these data are for across the country. They're not for Massachusetts. Massachusetts, it's a little lower. But in general, the asthma fatality rate is almost eight times higher in black children. Next slide. So that list of triggers that I put up there in the slide before this mentioned a whole bunch of triggers, mold, allergens, pollen, as I said, exercise and whatnot. And it mentioned smoke, but it doesn't mention what we're gonna talk about tonight, which is air pollution. I really feel like the NIH should list air pollution as a trigger and cause of asthma because the data tell us that it is. Air pollution in Massachusetts, according to a 2019 study by Boston College professor Dr. Philip Landrigan, showed that 15,000 cases of asthma in 2019 are due to air pollution in our state, and they're disproportionately affecting communities of color. But air pollution isn't just a cause and a trigger of asthma. It's a cause of a lot of other stuff. It's a cause of IQ loss in children. It's a cause of low birth weight among newborns. And, importantly, it's a cause of death. Worldwide, it accounts for 3 million deaths. It's the fifth leading risk factor for death in the world. And in our state, it accounts for 2,800 deaths a year, at least in this 2019 study. The important thing to note is that those deaths occur in every single community in Massachusetts, regardless of income, regardless of race, but they disproportionately occur among communities of color. And so, and the other important thing about that study is that it turns out that the level of particulate matter that the EPA believes is protective turned out not to be protective in that study. The levels that they saw health effects at were much, much lower, leading the authors to recommend much, much lower levels of pollution that should be allowed. Now if I just asked you what the number one trigger is in terms of houses about what the trigger for childhood asthma is, I put it on the slide, I should have asked the slide before, but actually the number one trigger for pediatric asthma is gas stove use in the house. And so that is what I'm gonna focus my talk on, but I thought I'd mention outdoor air pollution right at the get-go also. Next slide, please. Again, just reinforcing what I just said, there are disparities around who's exposed to air pollution. On average, nationally, people of color are exposed to 38% higher levels of the air pollutant nitrogen dioxide. It's just a common air pollution pollutant. And we in the Northeast, ironically, you know, we... I grew up thinking, oh, we're so much more enlightened. No, no, no, not when it comes to air pollution. Actually, the disparities in the Northeast are some of the worst in the country. And one of the top 10 cities in terms of those disparities is Boston. And one of the two top 10 states in terms of locating sources of air pollution including things like hazardous waste facilities and biomass incinerators and natural gas infrastructure like compressor stations and oil and gas pipelines and that kind of thing. There are two top states in the country for that. One is Wisconsin and one is Massachusetts. So that's distressing. Next slide please. So it's important to talk about childhood asthma, because there are three really important reasons why children are more susceptible to air pollution provoked asthma. First of all, they breathe at a higher rate, so they take those pollutants in at a higher rate. Second, because they're smaller, they have a higher lung to body weight surface area, and so they absorb more of those pollutants. And second, they have very immature developing respiratory systems, and so they're just not equipped to handle that level of pollution. I was asked to speak about the interaction between climate justice and asthma, and in fact, there's a very powerful interaction. Climate change, whether caused by wildfire smoke, as you see on the left, or flooding, bottom right, or drought, any of the commonly occurring things with climate change, all increase the respiratory disease and they compound racial disparities. The driver of climate change is fossil fuels and oil, gas, coal, infrastructure that produces all of this air pollution that then is a driver of climate change. And the interesting thing is that the fossil fuels don't just cause the climate change, they also are a direct provoker of asthma themselves. Next slide. Now the great news here is that cutting air pollution has immediate effects. I mean, really almost immediate. So we see asthma rates, heart attack rates, they fall rapidly. Babies are born healthier. Next slide. And how do we know that? So this is just a bunch of studies showing this effect. I'm just going to focus on the second one down. You might remember at the Atlanta Olympics, they really limited driving and transportation And they made all of the local, anyone who produced any local sources of air pollution, to really ramp it down so that the air quality would be better for the Olympics. And a bunch of physicians thought, well, this is interesting. Why don't we look at asthma at the same time? With all of this air pollution falling, we would expect it to get better. It plummeted. And that within weeks. So within 17 days, they had decreased emergency room visits for childhood asthma, decreased hospitalizations. And it wasn't just the Atlanta Olympics. They saw the same thing for the Beijing Olympics, because China did the same thing. And they really got very, very strict about their air pollution standards. And they actually looked at some of the data in lung tissue, and they saw decreased inflammatory markers. and decreased incidence of asthma exacerbations and inflammation. And so seeing all that data, we can just finish up and go home, right? Because we've got all the answers here. The answer is to decrease air pollution. Well, unfortunately, it's not that easy. Next slide, please. This is an article that I wrote in collaboration. They left off my co-author, Dr. Adrian Allen, who is Awesome, and they, anyway, I have to bother them about this, because I just noticed this when I pulled up the article. They've rebranded as Commonwealth Beacons, so when they were Commonwealth, she was on there, and now she's not. But it's just an article about pollution inequality in the state of Massachusetts, and all the roadblocks that we have been running into in terms of communities of color being disproportionately impacted by locating polluting infrastructure in them, like the Peabody Peeker plant, right in a community that's a disalready overburdened by too much polluting infrastructure, the Weymouth Compressor Station. Two success stories that I should mention since Governor Healey came into office are the Long Meadow Pipeline that the DEP put the kibosh on, and a biomass incinerator in Springfield. So we've had some victories, but by and large, Regulating outdoor air pollution is a real challenge. So that is why I'm going to focus on indoor air pollution. Next slide. Because this is something we as individuals can do something about. Next slide. Now, you might not know this, but indoor air quality is often much, much worse than outdoor air quality. And that is an important thing to think about because we spend up to 90% of our time indoors, right? That said, the EPA has said that indoor air pollution can be anywhere from two to five to 100 times worse than outdoor air quality. And homes with gas stoves emit 50 to 400 times as much of a very powerful air pollutant called nitrogen dioxide that we'll talk about in a minute than homes with electric stoves. Next slide. This is an important thing to know, because asthma is the second most common chronic illness in Massachusetts. One in eight children in Massachusetts have it. And 15% of that is attributable to gas stove use next. That's a problem, because gas stove usage is widespread in our state. Over 50% of over half of the houses in Massachusetts use gas to cook, houses and apartments. And in fact, as I mentioned earlier, this was a study in 2017 from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health showing that gas stoves are the number one trigger for indoor asthma, number one trigger indoors for childhood asthma exacerbations. As we mentioned before about outdoor air pollution, this too is an equity issue. Lower income households are at higher risk of exposure and illness. Why is that? Because their houses and apartments tend to be smaller. Their ventilation, they might be older homes, they don't have as fantastic ventilation. Also, frankly, With an effort to try to get houses tighter in terms of not leaking as much and being climate friendly and that kind of thing, by making the envelope of the house tighter, you therefore cut down on the ventilation too. And that's another factor that isn't on the slide in terms of increasing. Sometimes households use that stove or oven to supplement heat. They're also disproportionately exposed to outdoor air pollution. All of that adds up to a greater asthma burden. Next slide. So some people ask me, well, why haven't I ever heard about this? When we first passed a policy at the Massachusetts Medical Society to just raise awareness in the general community about asthma and childhood asthma and gastrofuse, I remember going to a party after this passed. It was just a holiday party, and mentioning that this happened. And someone looked at me, and they were like, what? What are you talking about? You're the first person in the world who has ever said anything to me about this. Now, I have to say that since that time, that was 2019, and since doctors have started speaking up about this issue, the number of articles in the popular press has just increased exponentially. It was like no one talked about it before, and therefore, no one did much about it either. And why? Well, the same reason sort of is the same as what happened with cigarettes. The cigarette companies knew since the 1950s that smoking cigarettes was bad for people's lungs, and they also knew that it was bad for other people in the household, so-called secondhand smoke. Well, it was the same thing with this issue. This has been extensively studied since about the 1980s. We have had really good data showing that gas stove use is not good for people's health. And yet, it hasn't gotten out there. When the Massachusetts Medical Society passed that resolution to let the public be more aware of this association, I was actually approached by a former EPA official who thanked me for bringing this to light because she said it had just been so concerning for such a long time and it wasn't getting enough attention. Next slide. So this is just a list of the different health organizations that have now recognized the association between gas stove pollution and childhood asthma, the AMA, the American Public Health Association, Mass Medical Society. Next slide, please. So why are gas stoves a health hazard? And why am I calling them like the secondhand smoke of our time? Well, it turns out that just like cigarette smoke, they actually emit the same really powerful pollutants that cigarettes do. Really interesting. Next slide, please. So they produce, as cigarettes, Many more things than the three things I've listed here, but I'm gonna focus on these, because they actually produce hundreds of different pollutants. But the big ones are something called PM2.5, which is particulate matter. It's an air pollutant. It's associated with asthma, COPD, heart attack, stroke. Also, nitrogen dioxide, another air pollutant and respiratory irritant, and carbon monoxide, which many people know from carbon monoxide poisoning, which can happen in the house, but it happens whenever you light up a cigarette, you can get some carbon monoxide, and it also happens when you cook on your stove. Next slide, please. I love to talk about, I think particulate matter is super interesting. So what you see at the bottom of the slide there is a shaft of your hair. 30 particles of particulate matter of this size, 2.5 microns, They're so small that 30 of them can fit into the diameter of a shaft of hair. So that's the size of pollution we're talking about. Why are we concerned about it? Because when you inhale it, it can penetrate deep into the lung where it triggers things like asthma, and then it can cross into the bloodstream from the lung where it can go to the heart and cause inflammation and cause things like heart attack. It can go up to the brain and cause inflammation and cause things like stroke. The important thing, it's associated with pneumonia and high blood pressure. The things to remember, children are especially vulnerable. It's especially at high levels, at stroller level. So when you're pushing a child along the street, that's where the particulate matter is the highest. And the other important thing to know is that, as I've mentioned before, risk exists at any level. So the EPA has given a cutoff level of what they call satisfactory, but it turns out that we see health effects down to the very lowest level. Next slide. Nitrogen dioxide. This is just a slide showing that the more nitrogen dioxide you have in the air, the more severe asthma reaction you're going to have. It's interesting that you start to get effects at about a level of 10 parts per billion. The safe cutoff for our EPA is 100. So you're allowed to be exposed to a hundred parts per billion But as you can see you get symptoms far below that and it also just lists where gas stoves versus electric stoves Tend to emit. I find that the most interesting thing about nitrogen dioxide when I was at a medical conference years ago one of my pulmonologist colleagues brought a really interesting contraption into the conference and I and he had collected some really polluted air outside, just right outside the convention center, the air that we had been breathing until we walked in to go to this seminar. And he brought it into the convention center, and he said, I have this really cool machine where I breathe it in, and then when I exhale, it can show all the different pollutants that are in the air that I've just breathed out. So you guys can see the pollution in the air that I'm breathing in, and then in the air that I'm breathing out. And actually, this data has been around since the 1960s. There's an article in Nature that shows this happening back then, too. And so he breathed in this extremely polluted air from outside. And when he breathed out, how much nitrogen dioxide was in what he breathed out? Nothing. And what does that mean? That means it's all in your lungs. So he was nicely filtering it for the rest of us. So think about that. And that's why these kids are so affected. They're really little. They're breathing in all of these super irritants, and they're staying in their lungs. Next slide. So, it's sort of a recurrent theme now. Children are exposed both to outdoor and indoor air pollution. So, they're cumulative and that's something to remember too. And again, the predominant source indoors is your gas stove. Next slide. And often, indoor emissions from gas stoves exceed outside, outdoor regulatory standards. Incredibly, there are no indoor air pollution standards for any pollutant whatsoever. It isn't regulated. Next slide, please. Very important slide. Gas stoves, if you don't use ventilation, if you have a house or an apartment that's less than 1,500 square feet, the nitrogen dioxide in your house is going to exceed regulatory standards 83% of the time. If you have a home or an apartment less than 1,000 square feet and you don't use ventilation, it's going to exceed regulatory standards all the time, 100% of the time. Next slide. Does cooking with gas increase asthma risk? Yes, it does, 42%. Next slide. And the other really important thing to know, that just again, this data is just fresh from the last year, is that even when the stove isn't turned on, gas stoves leak. And they leak bad stuff. They don't just leak methane. There was an article in the Boston Globe the other day about a woman She lived in Dorchester and her little dog was lying on the sofa and it died because her gas stove was leaking methane and methane is an asphyxiant gas. You go to Wikipedia and it says methane is an innocuous asphyxiant gas and I was like, well, innocuous means not harmful and asphyxiant means that you die from not being able to breathe and so you can't really say that it's both. But it leaks. Do you want me to wrap up? Is it, okay, okay. So another, so in addition to methane, which is an asphyxiant, killed the poor little puppy, but they don't just leak methane, they leak other stuff. They leak something called benzene, which is a known cause of cancer. It, like particulate matter, there's no safe level, it affects the nervous system, can cause birth defects, and it also leaks a bunch of other chemicals. Next slide. And by the way, it doesn't matter how expensive your stove is. The cheapest stoves and the most expensive stoves leak. And this is just an interesting slide. So some people say, well, how do I know that I won't get all of these pollutants if I cook on an electric stove? So this is a study showing whenever you burn anything, you're going to get some particulate matter. But it's interesting that when you cook with gas, you get a lot more particulate matter, and you also get all those other pollutants, the nitrogen dioxide, the VOCs, which is benzene, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide. Next slide. The health cost, asthma costs on the order of like $80 billion in the US annually. If you break that down to a per person per family cost for what you'll spend on asthma in a year, it comes out to some like $3,200 a year. What's the cost of an electric stove? Like $500 to $1,000. So when you think about the health cost to society versus the cost of changing out that stove, maybe it's something to think about when your stove's ready to die. Next slide. I just thought I'd quote a bunch of interesting data that just came out like two weeks ago from a really great article in Science from both Harvard and Stanford researchers. And they looked at both, because many people, there's another article that I quoted in there that I wrote a couple years ago. People wrote to me afterwards saying, but what about propane gas? Because we cook with propane gas, and is that as bad as methane gas, which most of us have? And it turns out, yes, it is. And they looked at the US as a whole, and they found that the pediatric asthma cases due to the nitrogen dioxide from gas and propane stoves is like 50,000 a year across the US. But if you look at all the pollutants we just talked about, the benzene and the carbon monoxide and the nitrogen dioxide, it's more like 200,000 cases of pediatric asthma a year. So that is a whopping number. Mortality, they made a mortality estimate. They said up to 19,000 adult deaths annually from gas stove use in the U.S. pretty a whopping, and what's the mortality cost of that? They said on the order of a billion dollars a year in the US, and actually then they broke it down to communities of color, and they found that the price tag was even higher. The most concerning thing actually to me about this study was that they didn't just look at levels of these pollutants in the kitchen. They went all over the house and they found that the levels of pollutants in the bedrooms were equally as elevated and they stayed elevated for hours after the gas stove was used. So something else to think about. Next slide. So what can we do about it? Does ventilation help reduce nitrogen dioxide levels? And the answer is a definite maybe. It works if you use it. I'm one of those people who, I didn't know this data till I was, till about 2017 or later. And so in the winter when my kids were little, I used to put, my ventilation like leaked like a sieve and you know this is Massachusetts it's cold so I've thought I was being really smart and I covered it with plastic, so that I wouldn't get a ton of cold air coming right through the vent from the outside. And then my kids got asthma, and then I started reading about this data, and I thought, gosh, you know, I'm gonna take the cover, all that plastic I put on in the winter, off of my vent. And I didn't even run it that much, but because it created a constant draft, at the end of, my son was a big runner, and at the end of his cross country season, I was like, you know, I'm never at the end of the race, so I haven't seen you using your inhaler, How many times did you use it this season? And he was like, I didn't use it this season. But the problem with ventilation is people don't like to use it. I found at the end, right before our gas stove died, and I became more and more concerned. I have to let you know that one of the researchers who carried out that Harvard study I mentioned, she uses an N95 mask when she cooks on her gas stove. I don't think I could do that, because anyway, I don't think I could do that. But I did start running my fan every single time I ran my gas stove. And I noticed that the whole kitchen just cleared out. Like I wanted quiet in the kitchen and I just turned on that fan, my husband was gone, the kids were gone, no one was in the kitchen, no one likes using the fan. So that's a real problem is compliance. People just don't use it, they don't like it, it's annoying, it's loud. But it does work as long as it vents to the outside. If it doesn't vent to the outside, if it's one of those fans that just recirculates things in the kitchen, those ones can actually end up with levels of pollution higher than what you started out with. So those are really not good. And then if you don't have a fan that goes to the outside, open a window. Opening a window works great. Next slide. And so this is just a whole bunch of recommendations to install a carbon monoxide detector. I recommend getting a pretty expensive one. I didn't get an expensive one. And our heat exchanger on our gas furnace died and melted. And we ended up having carbon monoxide all over the house. And our monitor never picked it up. I smelled the weird burning smell, and I called the gas company. And my family was like, what's the problem? Well, the levels were really, really high. That was the problem. Opening a window, cooking on the back burners, using other electric appliances like a toaster oven or a kettle, a plug-in induction stove, and then ultimately, when you can and if you can, switching to an electric or an induction stove. Next slide. So the proof in a lot of medical studies is, well, when you take whatever you think is causing a medical condition away, does it get better? This is a really nice study in Ecuador showing that replacing gas stoves with induction stoves reduced markedly emergency room visits and hospitalizations. Next slide. And right now, there was also a study in the Bronx that showed the same thing. And now we have a study ongoing in collaboration with the BU School of Public Health in Dorchester, where they are looking at the environmental and health effects of replacing a gas stove with an electric one. Now I should just mention, it's very interesting in the Bronx study, I don't have the data up here, But it only reduced the air pollutants in the air by about 30%. But I showed you in the earlier slide of gas stoves versus electric stoves, you know, when you go to an electric stove, it should take all of those air pollutants out. And I think that tells us that the problem is in communities of color, if you take away the indoor air pollution, you still have the problem, which is that the outdoor air pollution didn't go away. And so this gets at some of the problem, but we still have to face that whole problem. Next slide. So just a few takeaways. Now you know gas stoves are the number one trigger for asthma and an indoor trigger in the state of Massachusetts. And communities of color are disproportionately and unfairly burdened by that. What can we do to stop those negative health effects? You can vent your stovetop emissions, but remember, they have to vent outside. You can't just recirculate them. Open your windows. Keep the children, elderly people, people with asthma away from the stove while you're cooking. I think a really important part of this, too, obviously is going to happen at the policy level. This isn't mentioned much, but one thing I'm kind of passionate about is, you know, There's external ventilation required for hot water heaters and your gas dryer. You wouldn't think of venting that inside, right? Or your gas furnace. You wouldn't think of venting that inside. Gas stoves used to vent outside. And at some point, In the last 40 years, that changed. And so I feel very strongly that gas stoves should vent outside. I think putting a warning label on stoves. There's a warning label on my hairdryer, like do not drop this into a tub when you're using it because there's a risk of electric shock. I don't think 19,000 people die every year in the US because they've dropped their hair dryer in a bathtub and gotten an electric shock, and yet there's a label on it. But 19,000 people a year die from gas stove exposure and there's no label on it. Where does that square up? Dozen. And then, obviously, replacing a gas stove with an electric or an induction when you need a new one. And then, most importantly, I think, is regulating air pollution, outdoor air pollution. Because yes, you can get rid of indoor air pollution, but if you don't regulate the outdoor one, and say, enforce the roadmap law that was just passed in Massachusetts a year and a half ago, saying that we shouldn't be locating dirty incinerators and power plants, et cetera, in communities of color that are already overburdened by all of those. It's time to make that all happen. And that's all I have. I have some resources, next slide. And then next slide, more resources. So I'm happy to share those with you afterwards. I don't, I should have brought a handout, but I didn't. And I'm happy to take any questions. You're all probably in shock. You're like, oh no, the gas stove. I love the gas stove. I love gas stoves too. But you get used to electric. Yes. So do you want to take her the mic? Yeah.

[SPEAKER_11]: 所以你提到了燃气灶和对哮喘的影响。供暖系统和管道怎么样，你知道，有时大多数房东不更新管道，它们充满了烟灰，而且，你知道，有时你实际上可以看到它在通风机的顶部散布灰尘，你知道，所以这是另一回事。我的大儿子就患有这个问题，我住在一个有这个问题的公寓里，我注意到他眼睛周围有黑眼圈。医生提到了与通气系统有关的事情，但他们没有确认或喜欢，发起任何你需要从这间公寓搬走的事情，你知道吗？

[SPEAKER_09]: 是的，我认为这显然是一个大问题，因为它不仅仅是燃气灶，而且还是燃气炉。我有一个煤气炉可能漏水在我意识到这一点之前，我已经吸了一氧化碳整整六个月了，我注意到我从来没有头痛过，而且我每天都头痛。我，我的眼睛，我的眼白被注射了，它们是红色的，我想，这很奇怪，我，你知道，我一直很累，我从不累。和后来，我意识到，天哪，我患有慢性一氧化碳暴露，因为我的煤气炉正在释放所有这些东西。煤气炉可能会泄漏，就像炉子泄漏一样。即热式热水器也可以。他们还在对马萨诸塞州各地房屋的煤气泄漏进行研究，有一天，作为研究的一部分，我派人来到这所房子，他只是把他的显示器放在热水器上，我就闻到了煤气的味道。到了热水器那里，果然，它漏气了，我把它修好了。

[SPEAKER_11]: 谢谢。

[SPEAKER_09]: 还有其他问题吗？别害羞。

[SPEAKER_10]: 所以我有一个关于使用后燃烧器的问题。是不是因为距离比较远，和通风有关系吗？它去外面而不是在家里吗？

[SPEAKER_09]: 我的猜测是，首先，你离污染物更远，所以你没有把污染物直接接触到。其次，当您使用炉子上方带罩的通风口时，它会升起。他们工作得更好。这对后燃者来说效果更好。

[SPEAKER_01]: 还有其他问题吗？我的问题是，不这只是我们整个地区拥有的煤气炉的数量，我的意思是，我不仅仅说马萨诸塞州，而是说世界各地。比电炉多多了，大多了。不是因为价格吗？电比煤气贵吗？

[SPEAKER_09]: 你知道这可能与此有关吗？还，但这还不是故事的全部，对吧？因为故事的另一部分是什么？它被大量营销。我记得当我刚结婚的时候，我和所有的朋友聊天，每个人都说，哦。所有的厨师都出来说，哦，用煤气做饭好多了。他们的工资由谁支付？美国天然气协会。因此，在某个时候可能存在一个价格点。我不能说我真的注意到我的电炉与煤气炉以及运行炉子的成本的差异。是的，但是想想你可以节省多少住院费用。是的。是的。也许曾经是这样，但现在我认为他们的效率正在提高。正如我所说，我有一个较新的模型，但它没有，感应非常有效，非常非常有效，并且使用电磁波。

[SPEAKER_00]: 是的，我只想补充一点，像这样的电磁炉的运行成本大约是传统电炉的一半。

[SPEAKER_09]: 而且您不必购买整个炉子。您可以购买她在那里展示的单个燃烧器。这样一来，您就可以在不使用煤气炉的情况下度过很多令人惊奇的事情。是的。还有其他问题吗？

[SPEAKER_11]: 是的。必须使用麦克风。

[SPEAKER_15]: 我认为这与有色人种社区的经济负担是一样的。那么哪里有资源呢？我知道多切斯特市和波士顿大学有一个针对公共卫生的项目，比如从燃气灶升级到电炉需要多少钱？有这方面的资源吗？

[SPEAKER_09]: 这是一个很好的问题。我确实相信有一个政府计划，马萨诸塞州的计划，Mass Save，购买电磁炉或电炉或电磁炉可节省 500 美元。好的。是的。所以有。实际上，如果您想将供暖形式改为电动供暖形式，也可以改为热泵。那里也有折扣。

[SPEAKER_08]: 谢谢。那是一次很棒的演讲。您和布伦达（Brenda）能否谈谈感应的价格点以及 MassSave 计划的运作方式？因此，如果您想直接购买或者想通过 MassSave。

[SPEAKER_00]: 谢谢。是的，像这样的便携式电磁炉的价格略高于 100 美元。带电磁炉的全尺寸炉灶比标准炉灶贵。它可能会贵 1,000 美元，但如果有 500 美元的批量折扣，那就贵了 500 美元。我用这样的便携式电磁炉做饭一年了。当我不得不使用多个燃烧器时，我偶尔会使用燃气灶作为备用，但我几乎可以专门这样做一年。哦，我在亚马逊上买了这个，但我认为它在家得宝或百思买之类的地方很容易买到，或者抱歉，百思买之类的东西。是的。

[SPEAKER_09]: 好问题。谢谢。

[SPEAKER_06]: 我们还有另一个问题。是的。做饭需要买专门的锅吗？

[SPEAKER_09]: 这也是一个很好的问题，我相信布伦达可以告诉你更多相关信息。

[SPEAKER_00]: 是的。抱歉，我应该站着。所以锅必须是磁性的，因为这就是它的工作原理，它会产生一个磁场，只加热锅中的金属。所以不锈钢、铸铁，如果里面有陶瓷和类似金属，那就可以了。但它不适用于铜或玻璃或类似的东西。但基本上，您可以测试您的炊具。如果您有磁铁，只需测试您的炊具即可。如果它坚持下去，那么它就会起作用。

[SPEAKER_09]: 这是一个非常好的问题。这就是为什么我们实际上选择了电动而不是感应，因为我丈夫觉得我不会放弃我最喜欢的锅，我们用磁铁测试了它们，它们没有磁性，所以是的，非常感谢你们所有人，我

[SPEAKER_15]: 谢谢你，伦德伯格博士。如果您想学习如何使用电磁炉，布伦达就会过来告诉您如何使用它。

[SPEAKER_13]: 是的，绝对是。是的，我们基本上把它放在我们的网站上，您可以与我们互动。稍后我会把它给你。

[SPEAKER_07]: 绝对地。是啊是啊。怎么样？伟大的。那么，你们是否与美国农业部合作？

[SPEAKER_14]: 是啊，我被打扰了什么？我的意思是，你要做什么？等等，什么？这也没什么大不了的。

[SPEAKER_02]: 二维码，我们那里也有代码吗？是啊是啊。

[SPEAKER_06]: 但我很想得到这些信息，因为我父母有汽油。我就像，呃呃。

[SPEAKER_02]: 这就是我所说的。比如说，100 美元，但是这样你就有家人了。你要如何获得汽油？这就像真的，

[SPEAKER_07]: 我希望你们支持正在进行中的真正工作。

[SPEAKER_02]: 我希望每个人都做自己的事情，你知道吗？另外，就像我一样，我告诉大家。

[SPEAKER_06]: 我不必去。是的，我知道。

[SPEAKER_05]: 我爱你。我爱你。